https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/a1e8d921a7486fe240c91a07f9c01be2.png 83bde20955485d7157498fe5b9cbe766 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/0a9d4fb852c49250695b32036809177d.png 760c4b0a6c761cdf40af8b6e4aee5518 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/71793504774db484c12f366185f142a8.png a3c52d0f7aaafe9e9fefb8bc865c328a https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/0a0de4f3d5849b00c04a016fc827e6fc.png fcf3a2ead8a5724036f990a3c996adcf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Civilians and Divided Loyalties Subject The topic of the resource The sample documents in this section are designed to help site users study the impact of military campaigns and other wartime pressures on the Mississippi home front. They also reveal that while some Mississippians remained devoted Confederates, others were steadfast Unionists, while others changed their positions during the war. These documents also spotlight the changing gender roles women experienced in the war — thrusting them into positions as heads of households in the absence of husbands, fathers, or adult sons in military service. Women of all classes asserted their needs to the governor, especially soldiers' wives and widows. The collection also indicates that women's leadership of households did not end with the war. Considering the high death toll of the Civil War (750,000 Americans (military and civilian; North and South), and the number of <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/about/exhibition/lifeandlimb.html#:~:text=More%20than%20three%20million%20soldiers,saved%20lives%20by%20sacrificing%20limbs">permanently disabled veterans</a>, it shouldn't be surprising that women would need to remain in roles as breadwinners. Finally, be sure to examine one of the most interesting letters in the collection that describes efforts by Governor James Lusk Alcorn's administration to stop the assaults and murders committed by the Ku Klux Klan across the state. <div>Secession Support: Several documents in this sample reveal white Mississippians' early support for secession and desire to contribute to the Confederate cause, including <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/1">Charles Fontaine's calls for secession</a> from Pontotoc, MS just after Abraham Lincoln won the Election of 1860. See also<a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/8"> Mrs. J. O. Smith's appeal from Vicksburg</a>, where, in September 1861, she offered her services to the Confederate cause as a volunteer nurse in Virginia. Wartime Pressures: Other documents in this sample reveal the pressures Mississippians faced as Union forces invaded the state, including food shortages that affected their families. A good example of this is <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/20">L. J. Wilson's plea from Vicksburg</a>, MS, in July 1862 (a year before the Federal siege of that city) for state-assistance to provide sufficient salt for food preservation, as well as wood and water to residents. See also militiaman W. V. W. McLendon's description of food shortages in March 1863 and his proposed solution that militiamen be sent home to plant and <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/36">later harvest those crop</a>s. In Marion, MS, C. W. Henderson suggested securing corn from counties where it grew in abundance, and distributing it to <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/32">soldiers' families</a> in areas like his own Lauderdale County which was in "a Suffering condition." Be sure to do a keyword search for "food" or "salt" to pick up letters in the other themes about shortages. There's a fascinating letter by William E. Scott (Copiah County) in <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/35">February 1863</a> suggesting ways that the governor might alleviate devastating hunger among Confederate soldiers across the state. Women Asserting Rights on the Home Front: Several of the wartime letters reveal the experiences of Mississippi white women of all classes asserting their needs to the governor. See, for example, the letter by widow <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/27">Charlotte Smiley of Jefferson County, MS</a>, whose husband died of consumption in Confederate service. Smiley found herself and her family "quite destitute" by August 1862, and hoped for an exemption from her taxes and financial assistance as a military widow. There is also a petition of <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/60">Sarah D. Garrett of Canton, Madison County, MS</a> protesting her September 1864 fine for allowing the enslaved men and women she owned to travel "at large" and "trade as freemen." Garrett made the case successfully that it was not her behavior that caused insecurity in the community, but rather the breakdown of the courts, property seizures by Union and Confederate forces, and the collapsing economy that forced her to take these actions while her sons were away serving in the Confederate army. There is a powerful protest from October 1864 by <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/53">Sarah Neece of Lawrence County</a>, MS against men who seized her pony for Confederate military needs. Neece appears to have been in the right (based on notations on the document), but it's unknown at this time if the horse was ever returned or replaced for the illiterate mother who relied entirely on "a small dun pony" to provide for her four children. The request of <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/78">Caroline M. Burns of Starkville, MS </a>speaks to women's continued roles as breadwinners after the war. She hoped for an exemption from Governor Sharkey's July tax on all <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1865/08/07/archives/mississippi-taxes-imposed-by-gov-sharkey.html">businesses and wartime earnings </a>which, Burns argued, she could not pay in addition to the costs of running an inn out of her home and providing for her children. Still, Burns insisted, the governor should note this was the first exemption request she had ever made, having previously fulfilled the "responsibilities and duties of a good citizen." Mississippi Unionists on the Home Front: The Lost Cause largely erased the memory of white Mississippians who supported the Union during the war, but documents like these demonstrate that they, indeed, existed. As more documents are transcribed and annotated, the CWRGM research team will have a better sense of how prevalent Unionist support was among civilians, as well as why, where and when it tended to increase or decrease. Within this sample, you can find examples of home front Unionism in Mississippi in several July 1865 documents. In one, Union veteran <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/76">William M. Pollan of Choctaw County, MS</a>, spotlights Unionists' fight against secession even after the war ended. He detailed anti-Union statements heard in his community, and, fearing a resurgence of secessionist support, requested permission to organize the many Unionists he claimed exist in his county into a militia to thwart that threat. See also the letter from Unionist <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/73">James Pierce of Columbus, MS</a>. He refused to fight for the Confederacy throughout the war and served as a hospital steward instead. Pierce hoped to secure a position in local or state government through his demonstrated loyalty to the United States now that Mississippi had rejoined the Union. (Written by Susannah J. Ural, Ph.D.)</div> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Page 1: Columbus Miss Feb; 10. 1865; To His Excellency Govr Clark, My dear sir, your reply of the 21st ult came duly to hand. In it you state that my pamph-let On "Slavery & the Duties growing out of the [relation?]," had not yet come to hand, Lest it should fail to reach you, I herewith send you another copy—as I am very anxious that you should read it, From what you say in your letter of the 21st ult, I am encouraged to hope that you will favor a reform on that subject, Page 2: I am clearly satisfied that Reformation, and not Emancipation is the duty of the South—A judicious reform of the [?] of slavery is due alike, for ourselves, the slave, and the world, I propose to procure the preparation of a Bill on that subject, with the aid of the Hon, [Gen?] R, Clayton & others, and would be very much encouraged in the under-taking if it showed accord with your judgement to in-troduce this subject in yr [?] to the Legislature. I propose that the Bill should embrace four items, viz 1st. A repeal of all preceding Page 3: its truth is made manifest by other corroberating evidence, this would subject the [slaver?] or a slave to a trial at least, if not conviction—and then, [offerd?] some safe guard to the life of the slave, With these reforms, together with religious [restriction?], which must be enforced bymoral, not legal measures—Slavery would be what the Bible recongnizes—and would be divested of its obnoxious features, I should consider it a great honor for Mississippi to lead off in this reformation, And in my opinion, it would be the greatest of all peace measures. I am very respectfully yr ob't ser't. James A. Lyon Page 4: enactments prohibiting the owner or slave from teaching his [servants?] to read—(please note what I say on this sub. just in my "Report") 2d. The legalizing the marriage of slaves, 3. The legal recognition of the parental relation so that children shall not be sep arated from their mother, short of 12 yrs of age, 4, The better guarding the life of the slave against the wanton of assaults or law, vicious, white men, by rendering slave testimony, in courrts of law or equivi-olent to circumstantial evidence—that is it shall be void testimony when Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from James A. Lyons to Mississippi Governor Charles Clark; February 10, 1865 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context mdah_768-950-05-11 Subject The topic of the resource Clark, Charles, 1811-1877; Mississippi. Governor; Slavery. Description An account of the resource From the Mississippi Department of Archives and History Governor Clark Collection. Letter from James A. Lyons to Mississippi Governor Charles Clark making recommendations as to changes that should be made to the system of slavery in the state. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lyons, James A. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi Department of Archives and History. (electronic version); Mississippi Digital Library. (electronic version) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1865-02-10 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Funding for this project provided by The Dale Center for Study of War and Society-USM, the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, the Mississippi Digital Library, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the University of Southern Mississippi, and the Watson-Brown Foundation Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Language A language of the resource English Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1865