2 10 21 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/d11cb6085941c233d04ba1ebf83686a9.png a7c281c41fe4da4e2c42d1ee13b4c665 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/f2872f464cd023095e8f01010966732e.png af7a7b0c96a6517447f8c9c870f61431 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Soldiers and the Military Experience Subject The topic of the resource The sample documents in this section help site users explore the wartime experiences of Mississippi soldiers and their families. They reveal men's frustrations with military discipline, hardships suffered by families with their men absent, and the gradual increase of dissent and desertion across the state. New Recruits: Letters or petitions from new recruits reveal their resistance to strict military discipline, especially in the earliest days of the war. A great example of this appears in <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/7">James Gates's June 1861 letter</a> protesting his commander's strict treatment of the men, refusing to allow them to return home for a few days, and withholding their pay. Gates served in the Tallahatchie Rifles, organized in Charleston, MS, which later mustered into Confederate (national) service as Company F, 21st Mississippi Infantry Regiment. State Forces: Men who served in state-level forces also submitted protests to the governor, but these usually related to lack of pay, weapons and supplies, or to transfers to national service. State-level volunteers were usually older men with families who opted for service closer to home to stay near their families and work their farms. You can see this in this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/34">January 1863 petition</a> from the men of the 1st Regiment, Mississippi Minute Men, explaining why they specifically sought state-level service and protest their transfer to national service. Note that they were not seeking discharges. This can be seen as a form of dissent, but it is not disloyalty and certainly not desertion, which surfaces in other records. These men were willing to stay in service, but along the terms of their original enlistment. Wartime Pressures: As the war dragged on, the documents reveal how white Mississippians responded to the need to recruit, supply, nurse, and feed soldiers. There are also concerns about counties' need to fulfill draft laws and increasing rates of desertion. See, for example, this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/40">1863 petition</a> by 1st Lieutenant W. A. Mitchell, Company K, 4 Regiment Mississippi State Troops, for a 20-day furlough to provide for his impoverished wife and five children. Mitchell had been in service (first at the national-level, then state-level) since the beginning of the war. There is also a <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/17">June 1862 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard that speaks to the rising number of deserters and Confederate leaderships' determination to address this. His telegram clarifies that soldiers who do not have official leave for sickness or furloughs must be arrested as deserters. African-American Enlistments: At about the same time white soldiers' desertion rates became dangerous to the Confederate war effort in Mississippi, African-American enlistments in U.S. forces proved an equal troubling issue for the South. This <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/51">November 1863 telegram</a> from the commander-in-chief of the Confederacy, President Jefferson Davis (a Mississippian), reveals those concerns as Davis discusses the recruitment (or conscription, as Davis phrased it) of African-American men into U.S. forces. It is unclear exactly what Davis proposes should be done about this, but the CWRGM research team is digging into the documents around this item in the collection to learn more. Desertion and Dissent: Most of the documents related to desertion and strong dissent are in the "Memory and Commemoration" and can be found by keyword searches for "desertion." Examples of desertion by soldiers and dissenting attitudes by soldiers and civilians include <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/39">this letter</a> by 1st Lt. P. G. Norman, 1st Mississippi State Troops, expressing his frustration in March 1863 that the residents of Canton, MS, were encouraging desertion and local authorities seemed to be doing little to arrest soldiers who were absent without leave.<a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/47"> Lewis Pipes of Natchez, MS </a>expressed similar frustrations in June 1863 (during the Vicksburg Campaign) noting that there were 500 deserters in the county living off of food meant for the army or families in the area. This does not mean, however, that all white Mississippians had abandoned their support for the Confederacy by 1863. Documents can be found from as late as February 1865, like this one from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/64">M. S. Ward in Enterprise, MS</a>, suggesting ways that the state could more efficiently capture deserters and return them to military service. The Fog of War: Site visitors with an interest in military history will want to study the telegrams in this sampling and in the larger collection as it becomes available. They reveal the immediacy and urgency of military intelligence during campaigns, sometimes on a daily or even hourly basis. See, for example, this telegram from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/61">November 1863 </a>warning the governor that 10,000 U.S. forces had left Vicksburg and were marching toward Jackson, or this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/52">1864 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, warning the governor of a sizable Federal force moving through the northern part of state. (Written by Susannah J. Ural, Ph.D.) Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Page 1: Camp Duffin? Apl 5th 1863 Brgd, Genl, JZ George Dr sir the under signed pititioner would Respectfully ask leave of absence for, twenty days for the following Reasons—he has a wife & 5 small children. and his wife has no help at tall, and it is absolutely necessary that he should go home for the time above specified, to assist them so as to fortify them against want, in addition to the above your pititioner has been in the state service since the 13th of August last, and has never been home on fur-lough [strikethrough] since [strikethrough] and in addition to that he had been-in the Confederate service for 13 months previous to entering the state service, and had been absent from his family the whole of that term, now in view of all these facts, he urges his claims, and asks a fur lough for at least the time specified W A Mitchell 1st, Lt Comdg Comp (K) 4, R, M, S, T Approved W C Bromley Col, 4 R, M, S, T. Page 2: Apprvd [?] [?] [Report?] [?] Lt Mitchel's application for furlough of 20 days on account of destitute family Approved & resp'y ford to the Governor — TC Tupper Maj Genl application of 1st Lt W A Mitchell Co K, 4 Regt. M S. T for a 20 days leave of absence Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from Lieutenant W. A. Mitchell to General J. Z. George; April 5, 1863 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context mdah_757-944-9-22 Subject The topic of the resource Children of military personnel; Confederate States of America. Army. Mississippi Infantry Regiment, 4th; Families of military personnel.; George, James Z. (James Zachariah), 1826-1897; Mississippi. Governor; Mississippi. Militia; Pettus, John Jones, 1813-1867. Description An account of the resource From the Mississippi Department of Archives and History Governor Pettus Collection. Letter from Confederate Lieutenant W. A. Mitchell, 4th Mississippi Infantry, State Troops, to Confederate General J. Z. George requesting leave for 20 days to go home and assist his wife and five children. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Michell, W. A. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi Department of Archives and History. (electronic version); Mississippi Digital Library. (electronic version) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1863-04-05 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Funding for this project provided by The Dale Center for Study of War and Society-USM, the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, the Mississippi Digital Library, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the University of Southern Mississippi, and the Watson-Brown Foundation Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Language A language of the resource English Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1863 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/d9c040fce6f808094eecbd490409ac53.png d72e53f8cbe1ca87cb810b40d6660527 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/bba07b0c706f8984d9ab1e964d93b6b3.png 65eb371b9eef349eafa98262f1dd26e9 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/2d76777becf8e9d15ea2c273de7a4436.png f291bad194fa70da80780881617873f9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Soldiers and the Military Experience Subject The topic of the resource The sample documents in this section help site users explore the wartime experiences of Mississippi soldiers and their families. They reveal men's frustrations with military discipline, hardships suffered by families with their men absent, and the gradual increase of dissent and desertion across the state. New Recruits: Letters or petitions from new recruits reveal their resistance to strict military discipline, especially in the earliest days of the war. A great example of this appears in <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/7">James Gates's June 1861 letter</a> protesting his commander's strict treatment of the men, refusing to allow them to return home for a few days, and withholding their pay. Gates served in the Tallahatchie Rifles, organized in Charleston, MS, which later mustered into Confederate (national) service as Company F, 21st Mississippi Infantry Regiment. State Forces: Men who served in state-level forces also submitted protests to the governor, but these usually related to lack of pay, weapons and supplies, or to transfers to national service. State-level volunteers were usually older men with families who opted for service closer to home to stay near their families and work their farms. You can see this in this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/34">January 1863 petition</a> from the men of the 1st Regiment, Mississippi Minute Men, explaining why they specifically sought state-level service and protest their transfer to national service. Note that they were not seeking discharges. This can be seen as a form of dissent, but it is not disloyalty and certainly not desertion, which surfaces in other records. These men were willing to stay in service, but along the terms of their original enlistment. Wartime Pressures: As the war dragged on, the documents reveal how white Mississippians responded to the need to recruit, supply, nurse, and feed soldiers. There are also concerns about counties' need to fulfill draft laws and increasing rates of desertion. See, for example, this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/40">1863 petition</a> by 1st Lieutenant W. A. Mitchell, Company K, 4 Regiment Mississippi State Troops, for a 20-day furlough to provide for his impoverished wife and five children. Mitchell had been in service (first at the national-level, then state-level) since the beginning of the war. There is also a <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/17">June 1862 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard that speaks to the rising number of deserters and Confederate leaderships' determination to address this. His telegram clarifies that soldiers who do not have official leave for sickness or furloughs must be arrested as deserters. African-American Enlistments: At about the same time white soldiers' desertion rates became dangerous to the Confederate war effort in Mississippi, African-American enlistments in U.S. forces proved an equal troubling issue for the South. This <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/51">November 1863 telegram</a> from the commander-in-chief of the Confederacy, President Jefferson Davis (a Mississippian), reveals those concerns as Davis discusses the recruitment (or conscription, as Davis phrased it) of African-American men into U.S. forces. It is unclear exactly what Davis proposes should be done about this, but the CWRGM research team is digging into the documents around this item in the collection to learn more. Desertion and Dissent: Most of the documents related to desertion and strong dissent are in the "Memory and Commemoration" and can be found by keyword searches for "desertion." Examples of desertion by soldiers and dissenting attitudes by soldiers and civilians include <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/39">this letter</a> by 1st Lt. P. G. Norman, 1st Mississippi State Troops, expressing his frustration in March 1863 that the residents of Canton, MS, were encouraging desertion and local authorities seemed to be doing little to arrest soldiers who were absent without leave.<a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/47"> Lewis Pipes of Natchez, MS </a>expressed similar frustrations in June 1863 (during the Vicksburg Campaign) noting that there were 500 deserters in the county living off of food meant for the army or families in the area. This does not mean, however, that all white Mississippians had abandoned their support for the Confederacy by 1863. Documents can be found from as late as February 1865, like this one from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/64">M. S. Ward in Enterprise, MS</a>, suggesting ways that the state could more efficiently capture deserters and return them to military service. The Fog of War: Site visitors with an interest in military history will want to study the telegrams in this sampling and in the larger collection as it becomes available. They reveal the immediacy and urgency of military intelligence during campaigns, sometimes on a daily or even hourly basis. See, for example, this telegram from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/61">November 1863 </a>warning the governor that 10,000 U.S. forces had left Vicksburg and were marching toward Jackson, or this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/52">1864 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, warning the governor of a sizable Federal force moving through the northern part of state. (Written by Susannah J. Ural, Ph.D.) Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Page 1: gallatin Copiah Cty Feb the 27 1863 Honrable govenor pettus William Scott Galatin Miss dear sir I want to sollissit your aide in providing bacon for our sol^gers^ they ar starving on poor winter beef and sickening and dying with bowel complaint from starvation they get nothing but poor beef and bread and a little malases the can[strikethrough]n[strikethrough]not live on that as ther stomach wont take that as they have bin fed on it so long and at this season of the year it is full of worms and a well fed dog would not eat it people want ther country protected and yet they are not willing to fead the solgers I will tell you how it can be done if you will order every slaveholder in the state. and if the power dose not lay in you I wish if you pleas that you would lay it be fore them that can make it a law for every Slave holder to [strikethrough] give [strikethrough] put in good sound baco^n^ in proportion to his slave taxes and make them deliver it at ther nearest Page 2: shipping points through out the state and that I have it maid and well detaild to go with it and deliver it to every camp if not it wont go pleas do this amediatly without fail as I no There is a plenty of good bacon through out the state to fead our poor Starving protecters and can be spared if people ar unable to spar it we that are at home have plenty of milk and butter and poltry and vegatables and so [strikethrough] on [strikethrough] forth that we can live on and let our protecters have the bacon let me cite you to one instance that came under my observation a few days a go I carred some provisions to a friend of mine in a camp at Brookhaven there I staid all night in a camp whare thare was a man that had bin ^in^ camps six months a Mr. Hickenbottom he was a larg fraimd man but was redust to a mer skellatin from ^sickness [strikethrough] and [strikethrough] caused^ starvation he eat a little that eavening and nex morning he drank some soupe made out of the ribs of the poart that I carred and at nine oclock he said he was able to attend the role call and I no if it is looked into that the lives of our braves would be saved in a great measure if something is not done s[strikethrough][unclear][strikethrough]adly the sick^ness^ and deaths caused by Starvation will give the country to the invaders hands the solgers is confined in the army the cant go home to get a change of diet and my dear friend if think that we that can better ther poor starv ing conditions [art?] by [every?] means to do it and do it stedily thare is plenty of meat in the country and the sitazans ar saving it for speckalation if they could get a dollar per pound they would open ther smoke houses and let a few ^hundred^ lbs go and I think this speckelation art to be put [down?] at once there is some that would rather halde it back for speckelation untill The harry worms would eat it up rather than fead the solgers that gard them while they sleep. I dont want harry worms fed I want my countrys protectors fed and the fat of our land men art to be detaild to go continuly over the country and to be provisions to every camp and let govern ment set a price an the same some persons that have relatives in the army some times send them some nurishments from home but thare is hundr[strikethrough]e[strikethrough]eds that have no one that is able to send them a mouthfull and they set are by and look wistfull at it Page 3: as they see ther comreds eat it and are not able to procure one mouthfull there is a great meny who have no home but [strikethrough] thare [strikethrough] the army this distressing to me I have seen a great meny and they all tell ^me^ that the most of the deaths in camps is caused by the sort of diet they get any man or set of men that would refis to came up to this proposial is not worthe of the protection that the [shem?] from our brave solgers and do for it god sake attend to it without fail as soon as pasable your most obediant friend William Scott E Ps let it be said [strikethrough] sicks [strikethrough] sholders and hams as they have no vegetables Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from William Scott to Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus; February 27, 1863 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context mdah_757-944-3-24 Subject The topic of the resource Confederate States of America. Army.; Mississippi. Governor; Mississippi. Militia; Pettus, John Jones, 1813-1867. Description An account of the resource From the Mississippi Department of Archives and History Governor Pettus Collection. Letter from William Scott to Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus asking the Governor to provide Mississippi soldiers with better quality food to eat. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Scott, William Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi Department of Archives and History. (electronic version); Mississippi Digital Library. (electronic version) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1863-02-27 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Funding for this project provided by The Dale Center for Study of War and Society-USM, the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, the Mississippi Digital Library, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the University of Southern Mississippi, and the Watson-Brown Foundation Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Language A language of the resource English Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1863 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/5f2bb2899971de65e15dd15bb213ae38.png e2f6d87d4f1288844795b8487fd60af8 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/4244254f6ac170c8c958a13c4e732e93.png 2bee15de6d0153c479cc85affbc4ba70 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/738dcb6b716eecf02d80de0e2273b5b8.png a9de2c12ac11bb13c6a1c251ac8cd2e9 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/fd0577626a60b6258f0f055ef69d3b51.png 6075c38c46a034e81366d8254008a775 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/251080f9c42f3aeff7c11bafb429e76a.png e3ee5b3f734b8c9ac992c105b5138906 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/f9be337ae4d6f086267213256d9ceed2.png 4907b483197842458271ed5d651c759c https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/7d85272ecc19d165e960fd8a46f06703.png 7214b0be91721ff707b8981ad181e345 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/efbce54ea831376f40e8ada6d38fe150.png 51c0531ea250bf45c61a322239b927b0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Soldiers and the Military Experience Subject The topic of the resource The sample documents in this section help site users explore the wartime experiences of Mississippi soldiers and their families. They reveal men's frustrations with military discipline, hardships suffered by families with their men absent, and the gradual increase of dissent and desertion across the state. New Recruits: Letters or petitions from new recruits reveal their resistance to strict military discipline, especially in the earliest days of the war. A great example of this appears in <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/7">James Gates's June 1861 letter</a> protesting his commander's strict treatment of the men, refusing to allow them to return home for a few days, and withholding their pay. Gates served in the Tallahatchie Rifles, organized in Charleston, MS, which later mustered into Confederate (national) service as Company F, 21st Mississippi Infantry Regiment. State Forces: Men who served in state-level forces also submitted protests to the governor, but these usually related to lack of pay, weapons and supplies, or to transfers to national service. State-level volunteers were usually older men with families who opted for service closer to home to stay near their families and work their farms. You can see this in this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/34">January 1863 petition</a> from the men of the 1st Regiment, Mississippi Minute Men, explaining why they specifically sought state-level service and protest their transfer to national service. Note that they were not seeking discharges. This can be seen as a form of dissent, but it is not disloyalty and certainly not desertion, which surfaces in other records. These men were willing to stay in service, but along the terms of their original enlistment. Wartime Pressures: As the war dragged on, the documents reveal how white Mississippians responded to the need to recruit, supply, nurse, and feed soldiers. There are also concerns about counties' need to fulfill draft laws and increasing rates of desertion. See, for example, this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/40">1863 petition</a> by 1st Lieutenant W. A. Mitchell, Company K, 4 Regiment Mississippi State Troops, for a 20-day furlough to provide for his impoverished wife and five children. Mitchell had been in service (first at the national-level, then state-level) since the beginning of the war. There is also a <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/17">June 1862 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard that speaks to the rising number of deserters and Confederate leaderships' determination to address this. His telegram clarifies that soldiers who do not have official leave for sickness or furloughs must be arrested as deserters. African-American Enlistments: At about the same time white soldiers' desertion rates became dangerous to the Confederate war effort in Mississippi, African-American enlistments in U.S. forces proved an equal troubling issue for the South. This <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/51">November 1863 telegram</a> from the commander-in-chief of the Confederacy, President Jefferson Davis (a Mississippian), reveals those concerns as Davis discusses the recruitment (or conscription, as Davis phrased it) of African-American men into U.S. forces. It is unclear exactly what Davis proposes should be done about this, but the CWRGM research team is digging into the documents around this item in the collection to learn more. Desertion and Dissent: Most of the documents related to desertion and strong dissent are in the "Memory and Commemoration" and can be found by keyword searches for "desertion." Examples of desertion by soldiers and dissenting attitudes by soldiers and civilians include <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/39">this letter</a> by 1st Lt. P. G. Norman, 1st Mississippi State Troops, expressing his frustration in March 1863 that the residents of Canton, MS, were encouraging desertion and local authorities seemed to be doing little to arrest soldiers who were absent without leave.<a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/47"> Lewis Pipes of Natchez, MS </a>expressed similar frustrations in June 1863 (during the Vicksburg Campaign) noting that there were 500 deserters in the county living off of food meant for the army or families in the area. This does not mean, however, that all white Mississippians had abandoned their support for the Confederacy by 1863. Documents can be found from as late as February 1865, like this one from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/64">M. S. Ward in Enterprise, MS</a>, suggesting ways that the state could more efficiently capture deserters and return them to military service. The Fog of War: Site visitors with an interest in military history will want to study the telegrams in this sampling and in the larger collection as it becomes available. They reveal the immediacy and urgency of military intelligence during campaigns, sometimes on a daily or even hourly basis. See, for example, this telegram from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/61">November 1863 </a>warning the governor that 10,000 U.S. forces had left Vicksburg and were marching toward Jackson, or this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/52">1864 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, warning the governor of a sizable Federal force moving through the northern part of state. (Written by Susannah J. Ural, Ph.D.) Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Page 1: J L Meek Capt Co K J Wilson 2 Liuet J.B. Mills 3 Lieut, John Owens Ben Pittura? W, F. Dandy W, R, Mayson H K Browning S. R MDaniel E. B, Knuse John Allisson S M Henderson E. G. Carson E M Barrwick H M Henry W L Smith B, M, Martin John D Donoven J. Vinson W, C, Henly E. Logue H Petardson C. Dacy Thos W Davis Jos. S. Raines J. A. Glover J, M, Childer James, Marshall, 1st Lieut W, A, Liebony Jerry Crowely Jas. C. Ford B B Dirken B. F. Sutton Maj Capt, Alen B. Swanson Thaddeus C Watson Capt & Adj't John Ricks L. Lawhon Lt Col. Petition for fulough [strikethrough] [unclear] [strikethrough] Page 2: To his Excellency Gov. John J. Pettus. Whereas: This organization was formed prin=cipally by volunteers as minute men, and that it is composed largely of men between the ages of fourty & fifty and who are neccessarily & natural ly infirm; men too who represent & control that most important—the planting interest of our country, to whom has been intrusted to a great extent the Support & protection of the interests & families of our brave volunteers in the Confederate Service, and upon whom must devote the raising the means for the payment of our state & Confederate Taxes & whereas this orginization has not only been per=verted & changed from its Original formation but has without its own consent & wish been transferred to the Confederate Service & placed upon the Same footing with our Regular Soldiers and whereas a Judicious System of furloughing so essential to the protection of our wives & children and so important to our interest as planters has not only been revoked, but even our sick who have no other accomodation there that offers by a Tent are Refused the privilege of going to Their homes to recover Their health & strength Be it Therefore Resolved 1st That it is with feelings of deep regret that we feel it our duty to protest against all this action of our authorties. Page 3: 2nd. That it is the feeling of the men composing this Regt that injustice has been done them by changing the nature of the or=ganization and Transferring the same without its consent to the Confederate Authorities— 3rd. That a renewal of the Judicious System of furloughing on the 10 per cent rule latelty adopted, also for the sick, will be satifactory to us under our present cir=cumstances, and that we earnestly re=quest of Those who have the control & power to grant an immediate renewal of the System lately revoked. 4th That we pledge our united energies to the support of our authorties in Their Efforts for the protection of our homes our families & our firesides— Signed Capt Co F J, T. Cratin Co. F Lieut J. T. Simmes? l. Sergt T. J. Grafton G. W. Grafton E L. Thompson Wm. Moore R Y Seater J. N. Holliday Thos. Carrigan Alex Parish W. C. Atkinson J, P, Cochran Riley Allen J, P, Adam Wm Milton Milton. T. Roby J W Williams H, H, Dick Martin Hays R. W, Nichols G. W, Jerry M. A. Cobb A, B Temple J, T Hicks J, P, George Thos Williams Timothy Crane A B Cobb H, W Kimmer Page 4: W C Hamilton A McCollum W W. Nichols John Hawery R, P. Williamson F L, Carr Capt Herring Co H. W. G. Aston 1st" Lieut U.? H. Heweatt 2nd Lt R. Rainwater 3 Lt J, M, Davis Jm. Hutchens W C, Veazy? Jas. Cabanniss Mat, Jones T? B Ray Jas. Moore A S Kelly A J Cole J J Carter Jonathan Allison John Holt Jonathan Black E J Barnes Jas, Barnes R Coleman D R W Toler? H, M, Atkinson R. C, Stewart W. F. Suddarth? A Price 1st LT Co J. W. A Bourne 3d Lt Wm, Allen A. N. Nail E, E. Stien W. H. Burn E. J, Smith A. Skinner Thos. Cockrell W, M, Burn S. A. McDonald A. J. Crook Wm. Watson John Byrd T. M. Boon J, T. Coleman J, S, Collier Jess, Glasco G. W. Leaborn S, Williams J, H, Quinn W J Butler capt Co B A. G. Tillman 2 Lieut E. Miller L Smith R. D. Tillman W. N. Thames? H. Varnadoe H. Baskins? G. D, Bailey S T Beacham G. T White Page 5: Plum? Willson D. S, Thompson Elisha Thompson W, W, Sinclair J, W, Gilbert B. P. Fullilove? W. Burns Charles England F, M, Blumenberg Jas Meggs 2nd" Lt Comd Co Lou? H, C, Hill O, S, P, Kelly J, S, Ball A, Hall A B Muley W Pope A T Dubard J Armstrong T. Wallace N, S McDaniel J, Davis W E Bolana J, Able C, C, Cape J, Powell E, M Pettigrue J. M Cook N, Smith A F Dotson S, Turner J, M, Silas? S. J. Mims W, Moore T. J. McMichael G Bridges Thos, Templeton F, H, Lot Thos, Brown R. Bridges A, K. Turner J, N, Bell J Martin P Deaton G, Berry J Clifton A. Randal J. T. Ashley J M Thomson W, S, Ashley J, G, Warren W Hudnab? J, K, Sandifer H Losen J. W. Edwards D, W, Gates T, R, E, Warner J.? J.? Forde J. M. Shustey? N. G. Martin J.? J.? Weeks H. N. Richardson Company C, C, R, Wells George Grafton Jas, A, Russell J, R Miller C. G. Pittman Jos Jacob Jos, Crisler Page 6: F. B. Brown, A, H, Livley, W David A. Stevens, Julius Crisler, Sol, Burnett, Jas E Boyd Jas Shaw Jesse Galman Fred Smithy? T. Egan A H Lamar Capt Co. G, 1 Lieut Wm? G Raines 2 Lt E. A, Ward Lt C, W, Bryant J M Nobles O. S. R S Sayler W J Flannigan James Jones W. Ellenburg L E Atkinson Joseph C A Moore J: C: Boothe T: Ratliff W J B Nobles A, McFalls Eli Cagle F. J. Dishman O L Trawick John G ? Lt J H Norton Co A L, R, Fry " Lt. W,, P,, Pierce " R. K Coor " Wm J, Allen " G, J, Holliday " K T, ? " C. W, Potter " James Hodges " J B Lewis " B C Foster " Neal Smith " W S Miller " J F Norman " O C Fostenberry " G. W Rutledge " E G, Linder John, Chance Isaac Ryan J, C, Hood Lorenzo,, Bridges Wm Wainwright John McNeill M,, Moran John, P, Norton John Leavel F. M. Cottingham A J Hallman S, F, Flood J, C, Standard? [?] [?] Page 7: J D Little A, K, Sinclair J,, A,, Jackson Arthur Lott E. Collum J Quinn A, L, Brown Capt Co D Jo. Bybee 1st" Lt. T M Griffin 2nd Lt. H N Wise 3 Lieut John Cook D Bowering Isaac N Henry L D Yates D G Smith J D Hardy Thos M Hardy Isaac Turney S? W. Hardy M L Odom B R Jordan J. D. McDowell D, T, Williams J, T, Rather W A Dawson Joseph Mcmillan J, R, Hewnes David Anderson Thomas Low H. T. Ivey J, C, Riss T Bush A? C Chatham H H Thompkins M M Curtis M Jacob J, W., Herrington R, N, Atwell C S D, P, Welch J, J, Neal John Mc"Aulis Capt Co E H, C, Moore1st" Lt W T Stovall 2nd" " W H Atkinson 3st Wm" Seymore 1st" Sergt" W, S, Pointdexter Jacob Rich Edwin Durdon Henry, King H. I. Schivoigh? John Paul E h? Hausser T. Junzelboth? Nicholas Celever? Jacob Roth T.? D Fisher N B D Walters D, Hansbro' Page 8: Hospital 1stRegt Miss Min Men Jan'y 23 th 1863, Our morning report of this day was as follows, In Hospital Ten, in Quarters Forty One, Our Hospital is not sufficient to accomadate the sick of the Regt, C B Galloway Surgeon Aggregate morning report for Jan 25th 1863. 385 Thaddeus C Watson Adjt 1st" Regt M M M Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Petition from the soldiers of the 1st Regiment, Mississippi Minute Men, to Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus; January 23, 1863 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context mdah_757-943-9-33 Subject The topic of the resource Confederate States of America. Army.; Mississippi. Governor; Mississippi. Militia; Pettus, John Jones, 1813-1867. Description An account of the resource From the Mississippi Department of Archives and History Governor Pettus Collection. Petition from the soldiers of the 1st Regiment, Mississippi Minute Men, to Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus protesting their transfer to Confederate service. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi Department of Archives and History. (electronic version); Mississippi Digital Library. (electronic version) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1863-01-23 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Funding for this project provided by The Dale Center for Study of War and Society-USM, the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, the Mississippi Digital Library, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the University of Southern Mississippi, and the Watson-Brown Foundation Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Language A language of the resource English Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1863 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/21975234e88ad1a35e24d0663557c43d.png 44126472f7caa75c666aa83639353c43 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/2000771f64a5b18c3019264c7b3c2b41.png 60e66898d814bcbbdbc06bd646c59390 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Soldiers and the Military Experience Subject The topic of the resource The sample documents in this section help site users explore the wartime experiences of Mississippi soldiers and their families. They reveal men's frustrations with military discipline, hardships suffered by families with their men absent, and the gradual increase of dissent and desertion across the state. New Recruits: Letters or petitions from new recruits reveal their resistance to strict military discipline, especially in the earliest days of the war. A great example of this appears in <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/7">James Gates's June 1861 letter</a> protesting his commander's strict treatment of the men, refusing to allow them to return home for a few days, and withholding their pay. Gates served in the Tallahatchie Rifles, organized in Charleston, MS, which later mustered into Confederate (national) service as Company F, 21st Mississippi Infantry Regiment. State Forces: Men who served in state-level forces also submitted protests to the governor, but these usually related to lack of pay, weapons and supplies, or to transfers to national service. State-level volunteers were usually older men with families who opted for service closer to home to stay near their families and work their farms. You can see this in this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/34">January 1863 petition</a> from the men of the 1st Regiment, Mississippi Minute Men, explaining why they specifically sought state-level service and protest their transfer to national service. Note that they were not seeking discharges. This can be seen as a form of dissent, but it is not disloyalty and certainly not desertion, which surfaces in other records. These men were willing to stay in service, but along the terms of their original enlistment. Wartime Pressures: As the war dragged on, the documents reveal how white Mississippians responded to the need to recruit, supply, nurse, and feed soldiers. There are also concerns about counties' need to fulfill draft laws and increasing rates of desertion. See, for example, this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/40">1863 petition</a> by 1st Lieutenant W. A. Mitchell, Company K, 4 Regiment Mississippi State Troops, for a 20-day furlough to provide for his impoverished wife and five children. Mitchell had been in service (first at the national-level, then state-level) since the beginning of the war. There is also a <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/17">June 1862 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard that speaks to the rising number of deserters and Confederate leaderships' determination to address this. His telegram clarifies that soldiers who do not have official leave for sickness or furloughs must be arrested as deserters. African-American Enlistments: At about the same time white soldiers' desertion rates became dangerous to the Confederate war effort in Mississippi, African-American enlistments in U.S. forces proved an equal troubling issue for the South. This <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/51">November 1863 telegram</a> from the commander-in-chief of the Confederacy, President Jefferson Davis (a Mississippian), reveals those concerns as Davis discusses the recruitment (or conscription, as Davis phrased it) of African-American men into U.S. forces. It is unclear exactly what Davis proposes should be done about this, but the CWRGM research team is digging into the documents around this item in the collection to learn more. Desertion and Dissent: Most of the documents related to desertion and strong dissent are in the "Memory and Commemoration" and can be found by keyword searches for "desertion." Examples of desertion by soldiers and dissenting attitudes by soldiers and civilians include <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/39">this letter</a> by 1st Lt. P. G. Norman, 1st Mississippi State Troops, expressing his frustration in March 1863 that the residents of Canton, MS, were encouraging desertion and local authorities seemed to be doing little to arrest soldiers who were absent without leave.<a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/47"> Lewis Pipes of Natchez, MS </a>expressed similar frustrations in June 1863 (during the Vicksburg Campaign) noting that there were 500 deserters in the county living off of food meant for the army or families in the area. This does not mean, however, that all white Mississippians had abandoned their support for the Confederacy by 1863. Documents can be found from as late as February 1865, like this one from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/64">M. S. Ward in Enterprise, MS</a>, suggesting ways that the state could more efficiently capture deserters and return them to military service. The Fog of War: Site visitors with an interest in military history will want to study the telegrams in this sampling and in the larger collection as it becomes available. They reveal the immediacy and urgency of military intelligence during campaigns, sometimes on a daily or even hourly basis. See, for example, this telegram from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/61">November 1863 </a>warning the governor that 10,000 U.S. forces had left Vicksburg and were marching toward Jackson, or this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/52">1864 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, warning the governor of a sizable Federal force moving through the northern part of state. (Written by Susannah J. Ural, Ph.D.) Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Page 1: Head. Quarters 1st" Dist. Dept Miss & E.La. Jackson. Miss. Dec. 16. 1862. To His Excellency, John. J. Pettus. Governor of Mississippi. Sir. I have the honor to state that re-ports deemed authentic have reached me to the effect that Colonel Roddy's Cavalry has been routed at Tuscumbia by the Enemy, and that he has reached the vicinity of Saltillo followed it is believed by an infantry force. That portion of the state having been thus invaded and the safety of the citizens imperilled through an extensive and fertile region and in which we have but a limited Confederate force I deem it expedient to sub-mit for your consideration whether it would not be advisable to call out such available mi-litia force in that district as can be readily organized with the view of impeding the progress of the Enemy. If you think it practicable I shall be glad to receive information on Page 2: the subject especially in reference to the num-ber and kind of force which may be raised in that distinct and also the least possible time for its organization. I am, Governor Very respectfully Your obdt servt Daniel Ruggles Brig Genl P.A.C.S. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from General Daniel Ruggles to Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus; December 16, 1862 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context mdah_757-943-5-13 Subject The topic of the resource Mississippi. Governor; Mississippi. Militia; Pettus, John Jones, 1813-1867.; United States. Army. Description An account of the resource From the Mississippi Department of Archives and History Governor Pettus Collection. Letter from Confederate Brigadier General Daniel Ruggles to Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus asking that the state militia be called out to deal with a United States forces raid near Saltillo, Mississippi. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ruggles, Daniel, 1810-1897 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi Department of Archives and History. (electronic version); Mississippi Digital Library. (electronic version) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1862-12-16 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Funding for this project provided by The Dale Center for Study of War and Society-USM, the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, the Mississippi Digital Library, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the University of Southern Mississippi, and the Watson-Brown Foundation Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Language A language of the resource English Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1862 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/45cbabf8ae85850ee8bdf8abc9352f63.png 2251cd61e004047e6fa5562e11bc9b3f https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/0a932616cb8f8ec58bbda49020e83dce.png 9e6fbb51f8aa5e23552cac6ba0f3f0d7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Soldiers and the Military Experience Subject The topic of the resource The sample documents in this section help site users explore the wartime experiences of Mississippi soldiers and their families. They reveal men's frustrations with military discipline, hardships suffered by families with their men absent, and the gradual increase of dissent and desertion across the state. New Recruits: Letters or petitions from new recruits reveal their resistance to strict military discipline, especially in the earliest days of the war. A great example of this appears in <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/7">James Gates's June 1861 letter</a> protesting his commander's strict treatment of the men, refusing to allow them to return home for a few days, and withholding their pay. Gates served in the Tallahatchie Rifles, organized in Charleston, MS, which later mustered into Confederate (national) service as Company F, 21st Mississippi Infantry Regiment. State Forces: Men who served in state-level forces also submitted protests to the governor, but these usually related to lack of pay, weapons and supplies, or to transfers to national service. State-level volunteers were usually older men with families who opted for service closer to home to stay near their families and work their farms. You can see this in this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/34">January 1863 petition</a> from the men of the 1st Regiment, Mississippi Minute Men, explaining why they specifically sought state-level service and protest their transfer to national service. Note that they were not seeking discharges. This can be seen as a form of dissent, but it is not disloyalty and certainly not desertion, which surfaces in other records. These men were willing to stay in service, but along the terms of their original enlistment. Wartime Pressures: As the war dragged on, the documents reveal how white Mississippians responded to the need to recruit, supply, nurse, and feed soldiers. There are also concerns about counties' need to fulfill draft laws and increasing rates of desertion. See, for example, this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/40">1863 petition</a> by 1st Lieutenant W. A. Mitchell, Company K, 4 Regiment Mississippi State Troops, for a 20-day furlough to provide for his impoverished wife and five children. Mitchell had been in service (first at the national-level, then state-level) since the beginning of the war. There is also a <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/17">June 1862 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard that speaks to the rising number of deserters and Confederate leaderships' determination to address this. His telegram clarifies that soldiers who do not have official leave for sickness or furloughs must be arrested as deserters. African-American Enlistments: At about the same time white soldiers' desertion rates became dangerous to the Confederate war effort in Mississippi, African-American enlistments in U.S. forces proved an equal troubling issue for the South. This <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/51">November 1863 telegram</a> from the commander-in-chief of the Confederacy, President Jefferson Davis (a Mississippian), reveals those concerns as Davis discusses the recruitment (or conscription, as Davis phrased it) of African-American men into U.S. forces. It is unclear exactly what Davis proposes should be done about this, but the CWRGM research team is digging into the documents around this item in the collection to learn more. Desertion and Dissent: Most of the documents related to desertion and strong dissent are in the "Memory and Commemoration" and can be found by keyword searches for "desertion." Examples of desertion by soldiers and dissenting attitudes by soldiers and civilians include <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/39">this letter</a> by 1st Lt. P. G. Norman, 1st Mississippi State Troops, expressing his frustration in March 1863 that the residents of Canton, MS, were encouraging desertion and local authorities seemed to be doing little to arrest soldiers who were absent without leave.<a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/47"> Lewis Pipes of Natchez, MS </a>expressed similar frustrations in June 1863 (during the Vicksburg Campaign) noting that there were 500 deserters in the county living off of food meant for the army or families in the area. This does not mean, however, that all white Mississippians had abandoned their support for the Confederacy by 1863. Documents can be found from as late as February 1865, like this one from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/64">M. S. Ward in Enterprise, MS</a>, suggesting ways that the state could more efficiently capture deserters and return them to military service. The Fog of War: Site visitors with an interest in military history will want to study the telegrams in this sampling and in the larger collection as it becomes available. They reveal the immediacy and urgency of military intelligence during campaigns, sometimes on a daily or even hourly basis. See, for example, this telegram from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/61">November 1863 </a>warning the governor that 10,000 U.S. forces had left Vicksburg and were marching toward Jackson, or this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/52">1864 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, warning the governor of a sizable Federal force moving through the northern part of state. (Written by Susannah J. Ural, Ph.D.) Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Page 1: June 21st 1862, Gov Pettus, I have been assigned other duties and for the present am removed from Vicksburg, I sent your saddle to you for I did not know when you would go to V,B, and I did know when I left, it would be made the [back?] saddle, for the camp, I am inclined to think that there is little hope of holding Vicksburg and that it is the intention of the Confederate officers to fall back on the line of the Mobile & Ohio R,R, I have always gave where ordered and in my deparment have been, I hope, an effecient officer, If not, why Am I sent so often on detatched service, I want Maj Gen Tupper to organize the militia and my lot will be cast with him, I have some experience and am going to Canton tomorrow on official business, where I hope to see him, and If you can do so, please give me a letter of introduction, I cannot & will not leave Miss, with the infernal Yankee shouting in my rear, My all is here, and here I stay, I shall resign & hope to get something to do under my nation state Page 2: Whatever I may know of military matters & I have not been an uninterested spectator for 12 months of camp life & Army Movements, I lay on the alter of Mississippi, I shall live on or under the soil of my nation state, [Pompy?] will meet me at the cars sunday night, on my way is Canton, I wish to have a conference with Gen. Tupper & if you & he, can find anything for me to do I shall gladly take service, I have the ^honor^ to be vry respectfully [yr?] [mo?] obt servt J, J, Smylie If you take the field in person, which I hope you will do when science leaves us, I would cheerfully & most gladlly follow your lead & I see no better chance to win imperishable renown than would then present itself to you J, J, Smylie wishes letter of introduction to Gen Tupper June 1862 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from J. J. Smylie to Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus; June 21, 1862 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1862 Subject The topic of the resource Mississippi. Governor; Pettus, John Jones, 1813-1867. Description An account of the resource From the Mississippi Department of Archives and History Governor Pettus Collection. Letter from J. J. Smylie to Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus concerning United States forces movements against Vicksburg, Mississippi. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Smylie, J. J. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi Department of Archives and History. (electronic version); Mississippi Digital Library. (electronic version) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1862-06-21 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Funding for this project provided by The Dale Center for Study of War and Society-USM, the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, the Mississippi Digital Library, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the University of Southern Mississippi, and the Watson-Brown Foundation Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context mdah_757-942-2-24 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/1ee296b4e8db5290e46c35756037ad96.png 22f28b06d4d66e2d2a6b205f3612b215 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/8c5ddb8e5e113334a5704d537839e641.png 016f8355ecb17fbdd89b8d01df54e7e3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Soldiers and the Military Experience Subject The topic of the resource The sample documents in this section help site users explore the wartime experiences of Mississippi soldiers and their families. They reveal men's frustrations with military discipline, hardships suffered by families with their men absent, and the gradual increase of dissent and desertion across the state. New Recruits: Letters or petitions from new recruits reveal their resistance to strict military discipline, especially in the earliest days of the war. A great example of this appears in <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/7">James Gates's June 1861 letter</a> protesting his commander's strict treatment of the men, refusing to allow them to return home for a few days, and withholding their pay. Gates served in the Tallahatchie Rifles, organized in Charleston, MS, which later mustered into Confederate (national) service as Company F, 21st Mississippi Infantry Regiment. State Forces: Men who served in state-level forces also submitted protests to the governor, but these usually related to lack of pay, weapons and supplies, or to transfers to national service. State-level volunteers were usually older men with families who opted for service closer to home to stay near their families and work their farms. You can see this in this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/34">January 1863 petition</a> from the men of the 1st Regiment, Mississippi Minute Men, explaining why they specifically sought state-level service and protest their transfer to national service. Note that they were not seeking discharges. This can be seen as a form of dissent, but it is not disloyalty and certainly not desertion, which surfaces in other records. These men were willing to stay in service, but along the terms of their original enlistment. Wartime Pressures: As the war dragged on, the documents reveal how white Mississippians responded to the need to recruit, supply, nurse, and feed soldiers. There are also concerns about counties' need to fulfill draft laws and increasing rates of desertion. See, for example, this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/40">1863 petition</a> by 1st Lieutenant W. A. Mitchell, Company K, 4 Regiment Mississippi State Troops, for a 20-day furlough to provide for his impoverished wife and five children. Mitchell had been in service (first at the national-level, then state-level) since the beginning of the war. There is also a <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/17">June 1862 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard that speaks to the rising number of deserters and Confederate leaderships' determination to address this. His telegram clarifies that soldiers who do not have official leave for sickness or furloughs must be arrested as deserters. African-American Enlistments: At about the same time white soldiers' desertion rates became dangerous to the Confederate war effort in Mississippi, African-American enlistments in U.S. forces proved an equal troubling issue for the South. This <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/51">November 1863 telegram</a> from the commander-in-chief of the Confederacy, President Jefferson Davis (a Mississippian), reveals those concerns as Davis discusses the recruitment (or conscription, as Davis phrased it) of African-American men into U.S. forces. It is unclear exactly what Davis proposes should be done about this, but the CWRGM research team is digging into the documents around this item in the collection to learn more. Desertion and Dissent: Most of the documents related to desertion and strong dissent are in the "Memory and Commemoration" and can be found by keyword searches for "desertion." Examples of desertion by soldiers and dissenting attitudes by soldiers and civilians include <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/39">this letter</a> by 1st Lt. P. G. Norman, 1st Mississippi State Troops, expressing his frustration in March 1863 that the residents of Canton, MS, were encouraging desertion and local authorities seemed to be doing little to arrest soldiers who were absent without leave.<a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/47"> Lewis Pipes of Natchez, MS </a>expressed similar frustrations in June 1863 (during the Vicksburg Campaign) noting that there were 500 deserters in the county living off of food meant for the army or families in the area. This does not mean, however, that all white Mississippians had abandoned their support for the Confederacy by 1863. Documents can be found from as late as February 1865, like this one from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/64">M. S. Ward in Enterprise, MS</a>, suggesting ways that the state could more efficiently capture deserters and return them to military service. The Fog of War: Site visitors with an interest in military history will want to study the telegrams in this sampling and in the larger collection as it becomes available. They reveal the immediacy and urgency of military intelligence during campaigns, sometimes on a daily or even hourly basis. See, for example, this telegram from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/61">November 1863 </a>warning the governor that 10,000 U.S. forces had left Vicksburg and were marching toward Jackson, or this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/52">1864 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, warning the governor of a sizable Federal force moving through the northern part of state. (Written by Susannah J. Ural, Ph.D.) Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Page 1: South-Western Telegraph Company. THE PUBLIC are notified, that in order to guard against mistakes in the transmission of messages, every message of importance ought to be repeated by being sent back from the station at which it is to be recieved to the station from which it is orginally sent. Half the usual price for transmission will be charged for repeating the message and while this Company will, as heretofore, use every precaution to ensure correctness, it will not be responsible for mis-takes or delays in the transmission or delievery of repeated messages, beyond an amount exceding two hundred times the amount paid for sending the messages; nor will it be responsible for mistakes or delays in the transmission of unrepeated messages from whatever cause they may arise, nor for delays arising from interruptions in the working of its Telegraphs, nor for any mistake or ommission of any other Company, over whose lines a message is to be sent to reach the place of destination. All messages hereafter recieved by this Company for transmission, subject to the above conditions. N. GREEN. Pres't, Louisville, Ky. June 10th 186[strikethrough]1[strikethrough]2 By telegaph from Tupelo 9th" 186[strikethrough]1[strikethrough]2 To Gov J J Pettus All soldiers not regularly provided with sick leaves or furloughs must be arrested & treated as deserters— G T Beauregard 17 [pd?] Page 2: Gen. Beauregard to treat sick soldiers not provided with sick leaves or furloughs as deserters June 1862 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Telegram from General Gustave Toutant Beauregard to Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus; June 10, 1862 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1862 Description An account of the resource From the Mississippi Department of Archives and History Governor Pettus Collection. Telegram from Confederate General Gustave Toutant Beauregard in Tupelo, Mississippi, informing him that all soldiers that do not have sick leave or furlough must be treated as deserters. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Beauregard, G. T. (Gustave Toutant), 1818-1893 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi Department of Archives and History. (electronic version); Mississippi Digital Library. (electronic version) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1862-06-10 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Funding for this project provided by The Dale Center for Study of War and Society-USM, the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, the Mississippi Digital Library, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the University of Southern Mississippi, and the Watson-Brown Foundation Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context mdah_762-948-05-38 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/503b6c89d4d88171764f317aa444f402.png 16737d8fb5eb46075c4a213c0af5381c https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/127155cfcc240552e459ad029b86b788.png bda92b5f89121cab99b452fe41589181 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Soldiers and the Military Experience Subject The topic of the resource The sample documents in this section help site users explore the wartime experiences of Mississippi soldiers and their families. They reveal men's frustrations with military discipline, hardships suffered by families with their men absent, and the gradual increase of dissent and desertion across the state. New Recruits: Letters or petitions from new recruits reveal their resistance to strict military discipline, especially in the earliest days of the war. A great example of this appears in <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/7">James Gates's June 1861 letter</a> protesting his commander's strict treatment of the men, refusing to allow them to return home for a few days, and withholding their pay. Gates served in the Tallahatchie Rifles, organized in Charleston, MS, which later mustered into Confederate (national) service as Company F, 21st Mississippi Infantry Regiment. State Forces: Men who served in state-level forces also submitted protests to the governor, but these usually related to lack of pay, weapons and supplies, or to transfers to national service. State-level volunteers were usually older men with families who opted for service closer to home to stay near their families and work their farms. You can see this in this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/34">January 1863 petition</a> from the men of the 1st Regiment, Mississippi Minute Men, explaining why they specifically sought state-level service and protest their transfer to national service. Note that they were not seeking discharges. This can be seen as a form of dissent, but it is not disloyalty and certainly not desertion, which surfaces in other records. These men were willing to stay in service, but along the terms of their original enlistment. Wartime Pressures: As the war dragged on, the documents reveal how white Mississippians responded to the need to recruit, supply, nurse, and feed soldiers. There are also concerns about counties' need to fulfill draft laws and increasing rates of desertion. See, for example, this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/40">1863 petition</a> by 1st Lieutenant W. A. Mitchell, Company K, 4 Regiment Mississippi State Troops, for a 20-day furlough to provide for his impoverished wife and five children. Mitchell had been in service (first at the national-level, then state-level) since the beginning of the war. There is also a <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/17">June 1862 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard that speaks to the rising number of deserters and Confederate leaderships' determination to address this. His telegram clarifies that soldiers who do not have official leave for sickness or furloughs must be arrested as deserters. African-American Enlistments: At about the same time white soldiers' desertion rates became dangerous to the Confederate war effort in Mississippi, African-American enlistments in U.S. forces proved an equal troubling issue for the South. This <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/51">November 1863 telegram</a> from the commander-in-chief of the Confederacy, President Jefferson Davis (a Mississippian), reveals those concerns as Davis discusses the recruitment (or conscription, as Davis phrased it) of African-American men into U.S. forces. It is unclear exactly what Davis proposes should be done about this, but the CWRGM research team is digging into the documents around this item in the collection to learn more. Desertion and Dissent: Most of the documents related to desertion and strong dissent are in the "Memory and Commemoration" and can be found by keyword searches for "desertion." Examples of desertion by soldiers and dissenting attitudes by soldiers and civilians include <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/39">this letter</a> by 1st Lt. P. G. Norman, 1st Mississippi State Troops, expressing his frustration in March 1863 that the residents of Canton, MS, were encouraging desertion and local authorities seemed to be doing little to arrest soldiers who were absent without leave.<a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/47"> Lewis Pipes of Natchez, MS </a>expressed similar frustrations in June 1863 (during the Vicksburg Campaign) noting that there were 500 deserters in the county living off of food meant for the army or families in the area. This does not mean, however, that all white Mississippians had abandoned their support for the Confederacy by 1863. Documents can be found from as late as February 1865, like this one from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/64">M. S. Ward in Enterprise, MS</a>, suggesting ways that the state could more efficiently capture deserters and return them to military service. The Fog of War: Site visitors with an interest in military history will want to study the telegrams in this sampling and in the larger collection as it becomes available. They reveal the immediacy and urgency of military intelligence during campaigns, sometimes on a daily or even hourly basis. See, for example, this telegram from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/61">November 1863 </a>warning the governor that 10,000 U.S. forces had left Vicksburg and were marching toward Jackson, or this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/52">1864 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, warning the governor of a sizable Federal force moving through the northern part of state. (Written by Susannah J. Ural, Ph.D.) Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Page 1: Sardis Mi Mar 21st 1862 Dear Sir The undersigned citizens of Panola County in order that our county may be ready to respond to any demand that may be made upon her & lose none of the laurels she has gained in furnishing troops, respectfully request that you will at your earliest convenience inform us, what plan you will adopt in making the next call that may be necessary for troops? Whether you will order a draft or call for volunteers? Also if—in the event of a draft—Panola County will receive credit for all the men she has put in the field or only for those who have been first mustered into the State & afterwards into the Confederate Service. The object of this latter enquiry may be seen at a glance when we inform you that one or two of the eleven Companies now in the field new mustered into the service of Tenn or joined Tenn Regts without even having moved under the order of our State Authorities at all. We do not wish nor intend that our County shall be backward & as we stated in the outset, we desire to be ready in time, There are now four Companies being formed in the Army & three of them ready to organize & Besides some 125 or more recruits have joined old companies already in the field & yet with all this our voting population is only 1400. We desire you should distinctly understand that we are not making these enquires with any view to evade the law but on the Contrary, to carry it Page 2: out promptly. Panola claims to be the "banner County" in this war & she intends to make her claim good & all she wants is to be informed how many Troops you wish her To furnish & Then she will furnish them if it be to the very last man without the shadow of a doubt His Exy Gov Pettus Vy Respy A, V, Ellis J F Habgood? W D Heflin? J, Ned,? Simmons Wm Edwards W. B, Dickens F, B, Irby? D. C, Dunlap J, F, Lancaster? E, L, McCracken 11 Companies in the field 12 of Calvary & 1of Artilly 4/15 being [formed?]—one of artillery. 1 now started 125 new recruits to old companies equal to 1/2 companies [more?]. PS, 100 have just learned that you will [call?] next [week?] for one fourth of the—We wish to know If you will receive its quota of powder in the event above mentioned [strikethrough] will be recieved [strikethrough] as volunteers as we are determined that our county shall not be drafted the privilege is allowed to furnish our share as volunteers—[In?] [this?] [was?] of second Independence, we think it would be a [burning?] shame to act [its?] [laggard?] and submit to conscription—We can raise the required number in this county in a few days—all we want is ^to^ know what number is needed, and notwithstanding we have a large slow population to look after, we can furnish every man in the county capable of bearing Arms, if it is thought safe to do so, An early reply is respectfully desired— Resp &, A. V. Ellis & others Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from A. V. Ellis to Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus; March 21, 1862 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context mdah_757-941-6-18 Subject The topic of the resource Draft.; Mississippi. Governor; Pettus, John Jones, 1813-1867. Description An account of the resource From the Mississippi Department of Archives and History Governor Pettus Collection. Letter from A. V. Ellis and the citizens of Sardis, Mississippi, to Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus asking if he will institute a draft for additional soldiers to serve in the military. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ellis, A. V. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi Department of Archives and History. (electronic version); Mississippi Digital Library. (electronic version) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1862-03-21 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Funding for this project provided by The Dale Center for Study of War and Society-USM, the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, the Mississippi Digital Library, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the University of Southern Mississippi, and the Watson-Brown Foundation Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Language A language of the resource English Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1862 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/86967771bdb58677eaf39beef8ca26d1.png 19ad249697b76e4ebdca1884b12c4fff https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/1d8050992a67c979139ae2cd5dd646a1.png f4499c6079afab09f32e5b30776bcbcc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Soldiers and the Military Experience Subject The topic of the resource The sample documents in this section help site users explore the wartime experiences of Mississippi soldiers and their families. They reveal men's frustrations with military discipline, hardships suffered by families with their men absent, and the gradual increase of dissent and desertion across the state. New Recruits: Letters or petitions from new recruits reveal their resistance to strict military discipline, especially in the earliest days of the war. A great example of this appears in <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/7">James Gates's June 1861 letter</a> protesting his commander's strict treatment of the men, refusing to allow them to return home for a few days, and withholding their pay. Gates served in the Tallahatchie Rifles, organized in Charleston, MS, which later mustered into Confederate (national) service as Company F, 21st Mississippi Infantry Regiment. State Forces: Men who served in state-level forces also submitted protests to the governor, but these usually related to lack of pay, weapons and supplies, or to transfers to national service. State-level volunteers were usually older men with families who opted for service closer to home to stay near their families and work their farms. You can see this in this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/34">January 1863 petition</a> from the men of the 1st Regiment, Mississippi Minute Men, explaining why they specifically sought state-level service and protest their transfer to national service. Note that they were not seeking discharges. This can be seen as a form of dissent, but it is not disloyalty and certainly not desertion, which surfaces in other records. These men were willing to stay in service, but along the terms of their original enlistment. Wartime Pressures: As the war dragged on, the documents reveal how white Mississippians responded to the need to recruit, supply, nurse, and feed soldiers. There are also concerns about counties' need to fulfill draft laws and increasing rates of desertion. See, for example, this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/40">1863 petition</a> by 1st Lieutenant W. A. Mitchell, Company K, 4 Regiment Mississippi State Troops, for a 20-day furlough to provide for his impoverished wife and five children. Mitchell had been in service (first at the national-level, then state-level) since the beginning of the war. There is also a <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/17">June 1862 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard that speaks to the rising number of deserters and Confederate leaderships' determination to address this. His telegram clarifies that soldiers who do not have official leave for sickness or furloughs must be arrested as deserters. African-American Enlistments: At about the same time white soldiers' desertion rates became dangerous to the Confederate war effort in Mississippi, African-American enlistments in U.S. forces proved an equal troubling issue for the South. This <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/51">November 1863 telegram</a> from the commander-in-chief of the Confederacy, President Jefferson Davis (a Mississippian), reveals those concerns as Davis discusses the recruitment (or conscription, as Davis phrased it) of African-American men into U.S. forces. It is unclear exactly what Davis proposes should be done about this, but the CWRGM research team is digging into the documents around this item in the collection to learn more. Desertion and Dissent: Most of the documents related to desertion and strong dissent are in the "Memory and Commemoration" and can be found by keyword searches for "desertion." Examples of desertion by soldiers and dissenting attitudes by soldiers and civilians include <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/39">this letter</a> by 1st Lt. P. G. Norman, 1st Mississippi State Troops, expressing his frustration in March 1863 that the residents of Canton, MS, were encouraging desertion and local authorities seemed to be doing little to arrest soldiers who were absent without leave.<a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/47"> Lewis Pipes of Natchez, MS </a>expressed similar frustrations in June 1863 (during the Vicksburg Campaign) noting that there were 500 deserters in the county living off of food meant for the army or families in the area. This does not mean, however, that all white Mississippians had abandoned their support for the Confederacy by 1863. Documents can be found from as late as February 1865, like this one from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/64">M. S. Ward in Enterprise, MS</a>, suggesting ways that the state could more efficiently capture deserters and return them to military service. The Fog of War: Site visitors with an interest in military history will want to study the telegrams in this sampling and in the larger collection as it becomes available. They reveal the immediacy and urgency of military intelligence during campaigns, sometimes on a daily or even hourly basis. See, for example, this telegram from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/61">November 1863 </a>warning the governor that 10,000 U.S. forces had left Vicksburg and were marching toward Jackson, or this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/52">1864 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, warning the governor of a sizable Federal force moving through the northern part of state. (Written by Susannah J. Ural, Ph.D.) Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Page 1: Head Quarters Brook Haven Artillery Bay St. Louis, Miss Nove the 5 th 1861 Gov John J. Pettus Dr Sir I wish to urge on the proper Department the actual nescesity of paying to the Miss Troops that have been transfered to the Confederate Service,, the Amt due them previus to their transfer, for the following reasons 1st That as there are so many Troops in the Service that have been in Service Confer than we have that will have to be paid off first,, our time will be put off longer,, Or until our turn comes,, 2nd That as our companies have been made up for as long a time as those that went into actual Service in May. And have been to the same expense as if they had been in actual Service,, It is nescescary for them to have some thing to get Shoes & other actual nescesities for protection from the cold,, Please do what you can to hurry this matter up,, For I assure you that if it were not a Case of actual nescesity I would be the last one to thus Petition You Respty Your friend James A Hoskins Capt Commdg Brook Haven Artillery Page 2: J A Hoskins Nov 5 th 1861 Petition for the Soldiers at Brookhaven to be paid Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from James A. Hoskins to Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus; November 5, 1861 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1861 Subject The topic of the resource Artillery.; Confederate States of America. Army; Confederate States of America. Army--Ordnance and ordnance stores; Confederate States of America. Army--Pay, allowances, etc.; Mississippi. Governor; Pettus, John Jones, 1813-1867 Description An account of the resource From the Mississippi Department of Archives and History Governor Pettus Collection. Letter from James A. Hoskins in Bay Saint Louis, Mississippi, concerning the pay due to soldiers of the Brookhaven Light Artillery by the state of Mississippi. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hoskins, James A. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi Department of Archives and History. (electronic version); Mississippi Digital Library. (electronic version) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1861-11-05 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Funding for this project provided by The Dale Center for Study of War and Society-USM, the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, the Mississippi Digital Library, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the University of Southern Mississippi, and the Watson-Brown Foundation Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context mdah_757-940-5-15 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/b84639ee1ff827379468d580c1d92e8c.png 5e90476ac659ec537754d07855b842d8 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/ac3c4709f2238af3fb813f797f71dd09.png c628e5a0fc242b078961c214642b0772 https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/254b191db894d13bdd48326e71948b20.png 0a03cdfc844bbb57b449f1d7012c34c6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Soldiers and the Military Experience Subject The topic of the resource The sample documents in this section help site users explore the wartime experiences of Mississippi soldiers and their families. They reveal men's frustrations with military discipline, hardships suffered by families with their men absent, and the gradual increase of dissent and desertion across the state. New Recruits: Letters or petitions from new recruits reveal their resistance to strict military discipline, especially in the earliest days of the war. A great example of this appears in <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/7">James Gates's June 1861 letter</a> protesting his commander's strict treatment of the men, refusing to allow them to return home for a few days, and withholding their pay. Gates served in the Tallahatchie Rifles, organized in Charleston, MS, which later mustered into Confederate (national) service as Company F, 21st Mississippi Infantry Regiment. State Forces: Men who served in state-level forces also submitted protests to the governor, but these usually related to lack of pay, weapons and supplies, or to transfers to national service. State-level volunteers were usually older men with families who opted for service closer to home to stay near their families and work their farms. You can see this in this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/34">January 1863 petition</a> from the men of the 1st Regiment, Mississippi Minute Men, explaining why they specifically sought state-level service and protest their transfer to national service. Note that they were not seeking discharges. This can be seen as a form of dissent, but it is not disloyalty and certainly not desertion, which surfaces in other records. These men were willing to stay in service, but along the terms of their original enlistment. Wartime Pressures: As the war dragged on, the documents reveal how white Mississippians responded to the need to recruit, supply, nurse, and feed soldiers. There are also concerns about counties' need to fulfill draft laws and increasing rates of desertion. See, for example, this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/40">1863 petition</a> by 1st Lieutenant W. A. Mitchell, Company K, 4 Regiment Mississippi State Troops, for a 20-day furlough to provide for his impoverished wife and five children. Mitchell had been in service (first at the national-level, then state-level) since the beginning of the war. There is also a <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/17">June 1862 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard that speaks to the rising number of deserters and Confederate leaderships' determination to address this. His telegram clarifies that soldiers who do not have official leave for sickness or furloughs must be arrested as deserters. African-American Enlistments: At about the same time white soldiers' desertion rates became dangerous to the Confederate war effort in Mississippi, African-American enlistments in U.S. forces proved an equal troubling issue for the South. This <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/51">November 1863 telegram</a> from the commander-in-chief of the Confederacy, President Jefferson Davis (a Mississippian), reveals those concerns as Davis discusses the recruitment (or conscription, as Davis phrased it) of African-American men into U.S. forces. It is unclear exactly what Davis proposes should be done about this, but the CWRGM research team is digging into the documents around this item in the collection to learn more. Desertion and Dissent: Most of the documents related to desertion and strong dissent are in the "Memory and Commemoration" and can be found by keyword searches for "desertion." Examples of desertion by soldiers and dissenting attitudes by soldiers and civilians include <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/39">this letter</a> by 1st Lt. P. G. Norman, 1st Mississippi State Troops, expressing his frustration in March 1863 that the residents of Canton, MS, were encouraging desertion and local authorities seemed to be doing little to arrest soldiers who were absent without leave.<a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/47"> Lewis Pipes of Natchez, MS </a>expressed similar frustrations in June 1863 (during the Vicksburg Campaign) noting that there were 500 deserters in the county living off of food meant for the army or families in the area. This does not mean, however, that all white Mississippians had abandoned their support for the Confederacy by 1863. Documents can be found from as late as February 1865, like this one from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/64">M. S. Ward in Enterprise, MS</a>, suggesting ways that the state could more efficiently capture deserters and return them to military service. The Fog of War: Site visitors with an interest in military history will want to study the telegrams in this sampling and in the larger collection as it becomes available. They reveal the immediacy and urgency of military intelligence during campaigns, sometimes on a daily or even hourly basis. See, for example, this telegram from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/61">November 1863 </a>warning the governor that 10,000 U.S. forces had left Vicksburg and were marching toward Jackson, or this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/52">1864 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, warning the governor of a sizable Federal force moving through the northern part of state. (Written by Susannah J. Ural, Ph.D.) Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Page 1: Charleston Miss June 8th 1861 To His Excellency John. J. Pettus Governor of the State of Miss Dear Sir You will please let me know if a (Company or Captain of a company can force his company into camp and keep them there, Our Captain has forced us into camp and says he has the Power and authority to con fine us to it, Our Captain told his company that the time enlisted for com-menced on the 27 April last. at the time that we was mustered into Service and now we find [or?] understand from him that our Pay does not commence until we are Ordered into actual Page 2: Service and if one of the company happens to go off—say home and stay a little over time there is a squad sent out after him, with a written order to bring him dead or alive, alive if Possible but dead if he resists. and if one of the happen to do [among?] by mistake such as get a furlough for a certain time and come up at very [moment?]. There is an extra duty imposed upon him of from 6 to 10 hours Grand at night of drilling hard all day, Now I want to know if I am forced and compelled to comply with such Rules as the above when we are not getting any Pay for it at all and be harrassed and abused by our Officer when they as I conceive have no Power over us at all more than just require us to drill Now I ask these questions in behalf of My Friends as much as myself, and humbly beg and pray you answer immediately and by so doing you will confer the greatest that any Governor ever did to one of his Subjects, Hoping soon to hear from you I am sir Most Obedet Your humble Servant James R, Gates Charleston Miss Page 3: June 8th 1861 James R. Gates Charleston Miss Military Affairrs June 8th 1861 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter from James R. Gates to Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus; June 8, 1861 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context mdah_757-932-07-07 Subject The topic of the resource Confederate States of America. Army; Confederate States of America. Army. Mississippi Infantry Regiment, 21st; Mississippi. Governor; Pettus, John Jones, 1813-1867 Description An account of the resource From the Mississippi Department of Archives and History Governor Pettus Collection. Letter from James R. Gates, a soldier in the "Tallahatchie Rifles," (Company F, 21st Mississippi Infantry), to Mississippi Governor John Jones Pettus asking if he can be forced to stay in camp. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gates, James R. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi Department of Archives and History. (electronic version); Mississippi Digital Library. (electronic version) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1861-06-08 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Language A language of the resource English Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1861 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Funding for this project provided by The Dale Center for Study of War and Society-USM, the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, the Mississippi Digital Library, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the University of Southern Mississippi, and the Watson-Brown Foundation https://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/files/original/88cc72574330f66d6d04d1f5568de097.png 9d7b2930a55c4c9a09aef0eba89f9321 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Soldiers and the Military Experience Subject The topic of the resource The sample documents in this section help site users explore the wartime experiences of Mississippi soldiers and their families. They reveal men's frustrations with military discipline, hardships suffered by families with their men absent, and the gradual increase of dissent and desertion across the state. New Recruits: Letters or petitions from new recruits reveal their resistance to strict military discipline, especially in the earliest days of the war. A great example of this appears in <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/7">James Gates's June 1861 letter</a> protesting his commander's strict treatment of the men, refusing to allow them to return home for a few days, and withholding their pay. Gates served in the Tallahatchie Rifles, organized in Charleston, MS, which later mustered into Confederate (national) service as Company F, 21st Mississippi Infantry Regiment. State Forces: Men who served in state-level forces also submitted protests to the governor, but these usually related to lack of pay, weapons and supplies, or to transfers to national service. State-level volunteers were usually older men with families who opted for service closer to home to stay near their families and work their farms. You can see this in this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/34">January 1863 petition</a> from the men of the 1st Regiment, Mississippi Minute Men, explaining why they specifically sought state-level service and protest their transfer to national service. Note that they were not seeking discharges. This can be seen as a form of dissent, but it is not disloyalty and certainly not desertion, which surfaces in other records. These men were willing to stay in service, but along the terms of their original enlistment. Wartime Pressures: As the war dragged on, the documents reveal how white Mississippians responded to the need to recruit, supply, nurse, and feed soldiers. There are also concerns about counties' need to fulfill draft laws and increasing rates of desertion. See, for example, this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/40">1863 petition</a> by 1st Lieutenant W. A. Mitchell, Company K, 4 Regiment Mississippi State Troops, for a 20-day furlough to provide for his impoverished wife and five children. Mitchell had been in service (first at the national-level, then state-level) since the beginning of the war. There is also a <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/17">June 1862 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard that speaks to the rising number of deserters and Confederate leaderships' determination to address this. His telegram clarifies that soldiers who do not have official leave for sickness or furloughs must be arrested as deserters. African-American Enlistments: At about the same time white soldiers' desertion rates became dangerous to the Confederate war effort in Mississippi, African-American enlistments in U.S. forces proved an equal troubling issue for the South. This <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/51">November 1863 telegram</a> from the commander-in-chief of the Confederacy, President Jefferson Davis (a Mississippian), reveals those concerns as Davis discusses the recruitment (or conscription, as Davis phrased it) of African-American men into U.S. forces. It is unclear exactly what Davis proposes should be done about this, but the CWRGM research team is digging into the documents around this item in the collection to learn more. Desertion and Dissent: Most of the documents related to desertion and strong dissent are in the "Memory and Commemoration" and can be found by keyword searches for "desertion." Examples of desertion by soldiers and dissenting attitudes by soldiers and civilians include <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/39">this letter</a> by 1st Lt. P. G. Norman, 1st Mississippi State Troops, expressing his frustration in March 1863 that the residents of Canton, MS, were encouraging desertion and local authorities seemed to be doing little to arrest soldiers who were absent without leave.<a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/47"> Lewis Pipes of Natchez, MS </a>expressed similar frustrations in June 1863 (during the Vicksburg Campaign) noting that there were 500 deserters in the county living off of food meant for the army or families in the area. This does not mean, however, that all white Mississippians had abandoned their support for the Confederacy by 1863. Documents can be found from as late as February 1865, like this one from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/64">M. S. Ward in Enterprise, MS</a>, suggesting ways that the state could more efficiently capture deserters and return them to military service. The Fog of War: Site visitors with an interest in military history will want to study the telegrams in this sampling and in the larger collection as it becomes available. They reveal the immediacy and urgency of military intelligence during campaigns, sometimes on a daily or even hourly basis. See, for example, this telegram from <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/61">November 1863 </a>warning the governor that 10,000 U.S. forces had left Vicksburg and were marching toward Jackson, or this <a href="http://susannahjural.com/cwrgm/items/show/52">1864 telegram</a> from Confederate Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, warning the governor of a sizable Federal force moving through the northern part of state. (Written by Susannah J. Ural, Ph.D.) Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document South-Western Telegraph Company. THE PUBLIC are notified, that in order to guard against mistakes in the transmission of messages, every message of importance ought to be repeated by being sent back from the station at which it is to be received to the station from which it is orginally sent. Half the usual price for transmission will be charged for repeating the message, and while this company will, as heretofore, use every precaution to ensure correctness, it will not be responsible for mistakes or delays in the transmission or delivery of repeated messages, beyond an amount exceeding two hundred times the amount paid for sending the message; nor will it be responsible for mistakes or delays in the transmission of unrepeated mes-sages from whatever cause they may arise, nor for delays arising from interruptions in the working of its Telegraphs, nor for any mistake or omission of any other Company, over whose lines a message is to be sent to reach the place of destination. All messages will hereafter be received by this Company for transmission, subject to the above conditions. N. GREEN, Prest., Louisville, Ky. May 6th, 1860 By telegraph from Natchez 6th 1860 To Gov Jno J. Pettus Jackson My only son—& I am a widow—name Henry M. Phipps, not eighteen years old, has enlisted with the Adams' Light Guards—Please release him Answer by telegraph— Susan Phipps Paid Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Telegram from Susan Phipps to Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus; May 6, 1861 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context mdah_760-948-01-40 Subject The topic of the resource Confederate States of America. Army; Confederate States of America. Army. Mississippi Infantry Regiment, 16th; Families of military personnel.; Military discharge; Mississippi. Governor; Mississippi. Militia; Pettus, John Jones, 1813-1867; Widows. Description An account of the resource From the Mississippi Department of Archives and History Governor Pettus Collection. Telegram from Susan Phipps at Natchez, Mississippi, asking that Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus release her son Henry from service with the Adams Light Guards as she is a widow. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Phipps, Susan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi Department of Archives and History. (electronic version); Mississippi Digital Library. (electronic version) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1861-05-06 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Funding for this project provided by The Dale Center for Study of War and Society-USM, the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, the Mississippi Digital Library, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the University of Southern Mississippi, and the Watson-Brown Foundation Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource NO COPYRIGHT - UNITED STATES; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/ Language A language of the resource English Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1861